12.8. Empty categories and split constituents

The empty category *ICH* is used in the annotation of split constituents (by extraposition, left-dislocation and fronting), according to the following scheme:

extraposition

left dislocation /fronting

(IP [...]
    (XP (expression X)
        (YP *ICH*-1))
    [...]
    (YP-1 expression Y)

(IP [...]
    (YP-1 expression Y)
    [...]
    (XP (YP *ICH*-1)
        (expression X)))

(IP-MAT (<paren> –)
	(NP-VOC (NPR Senhor))
	(, ,)
        (NP-SBJ *pro*)
	(NP-ACC (N-P novas)
	        (ADJP *ICH*-1))
	(NP-DAT (CL vos))
	(VB-P trago)
	(ADJP-1 (ADJ-F-P maravilhosas))

(WOCHWEL; ID JAR119,.34)


(IP-MAT (<paren> -)
        (NP-VOC (NPR Filho))
	(, ,)
       	(NP-SBJ *pro*)
	(QP-1 (Q mujto))
	(SR-P sodes)
	(ADJP (QP *ICH*-1)
              (ADJ fremoso)))

(WOCHWEL; ID DSG14,.14)

When the expression X is a null subject, the same annotation scheme is applied:

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NP *pro*)
		  (CONJP-PRN *ICH*-1))
	  (NEG Não)
	  (TR-P tem)
	  (NP-ACC (N necessidade)
	          (PP (P de)
		      (IP-INF (NP-SE (CL se))
			      (VB doer)
			      (PP (P de)
			          (NP (PRO mim))))))
	  (CONJP-PRN-1 (CONJ-NEG nem)
		       (NP (D-F a) (N prima)))
[...]
(POST SCRIPTUM; ID CARDS4006,.5))

In the cases in which the expression X is a moved phrase itself (by clitic climbing, wh-movement, etc.), *ICH* is annotated inside it (and not inside the trace originated by movement).

 
Like this: Not like this:

(IP [...]
    (WXP (moved expression X)
         (YP *ICH*-1))
    [...]
    (XP empty category)
    [...]
    (YP-1 expression Y)) (IP [...]
     (WXP (moved expression X))
     [...]
     (XP (empty category)
         (YP *ICH*-1))
     [...]
     (YP-1 expression Y))

Examples:

 ( (IP-MAT (CONJ E)
          (NP-SBJ (PRO eu))
          (VB-P-1S @vou)
          (NP-1 (CL @lhe)
                (PP-PRN *ICH*-2))
          (IP-INF (NP-DAT *-1)
                  (VB dizer)
                  (NP-ACC (D-UM-F uma)
                          (N coisa)))
          (PP-PRN-2 (P @a)
                    (NP (D-F @a)
                        (NPR senhora)))
          (. :))
  (CORDIAL-SIN; ID GRC30,79))

( (CP-QUE (CONJ E)
	  (WNP-1 (WD qual)
		 (N serviço)
                 (CP-REL *ICH*-2))
	  (IP-IND (NP-3 (CL lhe))
		  (VB-P podemos)
		  (NP-SBJ (PRO nós))
		  (IP-INF (NP-ACC *T*-1)
    			  (NP-DAT *-3)
			  (VB fazer))
	          (, ,)
	          (CP-REL-2 (WNP-4 (WPRO que))
		            (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-4)
		                    (VB-SD valesse)
			            (NP-ACC (D este)))))
[...]
(WOCHWEL; ID JAR36,.23)